ICJ Declares Nations Accountable: Climate Responsibility Is Now Law

On July 23, 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) made history with a unanimous decision that fundamentally shifts global climate accountability. In plain terms, the world’s top court decided that countries are now legally answerable for the greenhouse gas emissions they create. This sets a new gold standard in international law.

The core message is clear: climate action is not just good policy, it is a legal requirement. Governments must take bold, effective measures to cut emissions and protect the planet for generations to come. These duties stem from environmental treaties such as the Paris Agreement and from human rights law, both of which recognize that a healthy environment is the foundation for basic human rights.

Crucially, the ICJ elevated the 1.5°C target in the Paris Agreement. It is not simply a lofty goal for the distant future, but the main benchmark every nation must work toward. National climate plans are expected to align with this; they are not just well-meaning promises but meaningful legal commitments.

Any government failing to act, or backing industries that worsen climate damage, like fossil fuel producers or subsidizers, risks breaching its obligations. The Court expects states to act diligently and in partnership with others. Falling short could mean being required to end harmful practices, stop repeated offenses, and pay compensation to those harmed.

Responsibility does not stop with governments. Countries are expected to regulate polluting businesses within their borders. Wealthier nations must also provide funding to support climate efforts in developing countries.

Although this ruling is advisory and not technically binding, its impact is enormous. It carries serious moral and legal weight and will likely shape future court cases, climate talks, and new government policies, increasing global ambition and accountability to new heights.

This breakthrough was made possible by bold leadership from Pacific Island states and youth campaigners. The decision is widely regarded as a landmark win for climate justice and for communities that have long called for real action and consequences on climate change.